Chapter 54 Essay Example for Free

Chapter 54 EssayChapter 54 Community Ecology imagination 54.1 Community interactions are classified by whether they help, harm, or have no effect on the species involved.1.What is a fraternity? List six organisms that would be found in your schoolyard community.2.This section will look at interspecific interactions. Be clear on the meaning of the prefix To begin, distinguish between intraspecific competition and interspecific competition. Give an example of apiece.Type of competitorExplanationExampleIntraspecificcompetitionInterspecificcompetition3.What is G. F. Gauses competitive exclusion principle? Give one example. 4.Define ecological niche.5.Several species of Anolis lizards personify in the same types of trees and have a similar diet. Discussresource partitioning to explain how interspecific competition is reduced. (Study Figure 54.2.)6.What is the difference between the cardinal niche and the realized niche?7.Study Figure 54.5, and then explain what is meant by charact er displacement. (To do this, you will have to learn or examine the difference between sympatric populations and allopatric populations. You will find this information in Chapter 24.)8.Predation is a term that you probably already know. Can you give examples of slightly predator-prey combinations as listed below?PredatorPreyAnimalAnimalAnimalPlantFungusAnimalBacteriaAnimalFungusExamplePlant9.List three peculiar(a) adaptations that predator species possess for obtaining regimen.10.List three ways prey species elude predators.11.Compare the two types of mimicry.Type of MimicryBatesianMllerianDescriptionExample12.What is herbivory?13.Did you list any particular(prenominal) herbivore adaptations for ravage in your response to question 9? Or plant adaptations to avoid herbivory? List two adaptations for each category here.14.Describe and give an example of each of the following interactionsType ofInteractionDescriptionExamplesymbiosisparasitismcommensalismmutualism15.Which category above includes the other three? Note that other texts may restrict this term more narrowly.16.Your text uses +/ symbols to indicate how interspecific interactions affect survival and reproduction of the two species. Use this notation for each of these interactions.Type of Interactionpredationcommensalismmutualismparasitisminterspecific competitionherbivory+/+, +/, /, +/017.What is species diversity? What are its two components? Why is it important?18.What does an ecologist summarize in a food web?19.Know the levels of trophic structure in food chains. Give a food chain here, including four links that might be found in a prairie community, and split up the level for each organism.20.Name every organism in the pictured food chain, and give the trophic level in the box.21.According to the energetic hypothesis, why are food chains limited in length? How much energy is typically transferred to each higher level?22.What is a dominant species? For the area where you live, what would be c onsidered a dominant tree species?24.Name one keystone species, and explain the effect its removal has on the ecosystem.25.Explain facilitator or foundation species and give an example.You may omit bottom-up and top-down controls.Concept 54.3- Disturbance influences species diversity and composition 26.What is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis? Give an example of a disturbance event, and explain the effect it has on the community.27.Ecological date is the changes in species that occupy an area after a disturbance. What is the difference between primary succession and secondary succession?Concept 54.4 Biogeographic factors affect community biodiversity 28.Explain latitudinal gradients in terms of species richness. Where is species richness greatest?29.There are probably two key factors in latitudinal gradients. List and explain both here, and put a star next to the one that is probably the primary cause of the latitudinal difference in biodiversity.30.Explain what is demonstra ted by a species-area curve.31.Renowned American ecologists Robert MacArthur and E. O. Wilson developed a model of island biogeography. While the model can be demonstrated with islands, any isolated habitat represents an island. What are the two factors that determine the come in of species on the island?32.What two physical features of the island affect immigration and extermination rates?33.Why do small islands have lower immigration rates? Higher extinction rates?34.Closer islands have35.What is the island equilibrium model?36.Use this model to describe how an islands size and distance from the mainland affect the islands species richness.extinction rates andimmigration rates.Concept 54.4 Community ecology is useful for understanding pathogen life cycles and controlling human disease37.Lets pull a couple of ideas from this section What is a pathogen?38.What is a zoonotic pathogen? List three examples.39.What is a vector? List three examples.