Perception of Depression amongst North American and African Cultures Essay Example for Free

Perception of Depression amongst North American and African Cultures EssayDepression or Unipolar natural depression is another name for Major Depressive disorder. It is a mood disorder characterized by depressed mood, it often manifests in omit of interest in family, school and kind life, changes in eating and sleeping habits, ablaze and checkup disregard for the self, difficulty in concentrating, and loss of interest in life (Rush, 2007). Just like any other pathological unhealthiness, it has risk incidentors, signs and symptoms, and a natural course. Like any other disease it can be treated with proper medical and psychological therapy. Yet it is not encompassd as such by the companionship. There is remarkable lack of awareness nigh depression in the communities, in spite of the staggering statistics almost the disorder. Unipolar depression affects 7-18% of the American population at least once before the age of 40 (Kassler, McGonagle Zhao, 1994). In the United Sta tes alone, the number of females are reported to be wo(e) from clinical depression (Murray, 1997). It has also been observed that 2.5 percent of children and 8.3 percent of adolescents are depressed at any given sequence. These rates are considerably high than the figure of the past decades (Depression Statistics Information, Internet). Yet, it has been found that only 20 percent of depressed people undergo medical treatment (Depression Statistics Information).This is ca utilize by numerous reasons with ignorance or lack of restore and awareness about the disorder considered as the biggest suspect. In fact, a United States surgeon general report in the Hispanic community states that less(prenominal) than 10 percent of the mentally ill people will ever approach a mental clinic (U.S. section of Health, 2000). This is possibly the result of lack of concern on their part, or due to the fact that in the Hispanic communitys, non-medical methods of treatment for the depressed. It is i mperative that we find out whether other communities also show a standardized of lack of awareness and concern about depression. Social Science medicine attempts to find cultural differences in the conceptual models of depression by an interviewed with North American immigrants and African Americans (Karasz, 2005) . His study demonstrated that Americans were more of the view that depression was a pathological disease of the body just like any other disease and required medical therapy. According to the author, the people from the African community were more likely to explain depression in terms of a social and deterrent example riddles and conformed to the belief that self management was the right way to deal with the issue of depression. Different communities have incompatible perceptions about the disease, people of certain cultures prefer way out to spiritual healers rather than seek medical attention (Nayem, 2005). Some cultures prefer to treat this ailment with alternative therapies to allopathic ones. Depression, though a proficient and weaken disease, does not command the same attention as other medical disorders like heart disease, Parkinsons disease, or even obesity.According to Pasacreta (2008) there has been comminuted attention given to depression and its consequences when we compare it with other diseases. For example obesity has been associated with diabetes umteen times. Even though depression also has a similar tie-in with type II diabetes, not many people are aware of this fact. Since public concern is lacking in communities, many depressed people rat to come forward, and receive proper treatment. If this trend continues prevalence of depression will continue to rise. Though the attitudes of different cultures may vary toward the disease, it does not change the fact that depression poses enormous costs for individual, family, and the society (Nayem F, 2005). Depression is a severe disease with far reaching effects, starting from th e patient, who may inflict self harm, lead to a family life, which cannot function in the same way as before (Scott, 2003). There has been research demonstrating depression as a burrden to people, communities, and health services as the treatment is long term and the patient has little or no productivity to society (Nayem, 2005). This research further highlights the need to conduct a canvas to assess the perception of depression across various cultures. People are unaware of the magnitude of the problem and its economic implications. In certain cultures, inability to analyze the disease or disregard of its seriousness lead to delayed medical opinion and treatment. Through this study, we will subdue to substantiate the various levels of awareness that different cultures have about the disease.The severity of depression usually gets aggravated if it is not treated promptly afterward diagnosis. This leads to a greater institutionalise on the country. Scott (2003) echoed this thou ght when he stated In the National Health Service the cost of treating depression (887 million) exceeds the cost of treating both hypertension (439 million) and diabetes (300 million). However, here, the direct health foreboding costs are dwarfed by the indirect costs (i.e. days lost from work owing to depression exceed all other disorders and the economic rouse on family members and society is considerable). North American and African cultures both differ in there perceptions about depression as a disease. Different cultures may feel that depression is a problem but horse opera cultures are more likely to view it as a disease which needs medical therapy just like any other, whereas the people from the non western culture will perceive depression as more of a social and moral problem which requires self-management. There will generally be a lack of knowledge about depression as a disease in the non western community. The treacherously beliefs and stigmas will be more present in non western cultures as compared to their western counterparts. How widespread is serious depression? According to Dr. Nathan S. Kline of the New York State Department of Mental Hygiene, it has been estimated that 15 per cent of the adult population of the United States has well-nigh degree of depression which is serious tolerable to be in need of treatment. This amounts to about 20 million people, which makes it not only the most frequent psychological disorder but also one of the most common of all serious medical conditions. Depression is so widespread that it has been called the common c aged(prenominal) of mental disturbances. Studies report that women outstrip men in suffering from depression by a ratio of about 2 to 1, though some claim that this is because women are more willing to admit that they are depressed. Depression afflicts all races and every social and economic level. While the malady is most common between the ages of sixty and seventy, it strikes all age group s and has been rising among persons in their twenties. Why do so many millions of persons suffer from depression? Much study has gone into uncovering the root causes of mental depression. Flaws in human society constitute one main semen of the problem. Illustrating an aspect of this are comments by Dr. John Schwab, of the University of Florida College of Medicine Were in an era of change right now. Old values such as the old work ethic are organism rejected and people are caught in an ideological vacuum. Kids see that the fruits of four hundred years of scientific raise may be more bitter than sweetbut they dont know what to put in its place, and consequently there is a scent out of futility. Because of this, many disillusioned youngsters seek escape through drugs and other means. The search for highs among the young, observes Dr. Schwab, is often only a flight from the lows. Also contributing to the rise in depression is supermobility. Families that keep changing their places of residence, hopping about from house to house and city to city, do not stay in one place long enough to build solid relationships with other people. A psychiatrist at the Massachusetts Mental Health Center wrote Psychiatrists around Boston have been aware for some time of what is called the Route 128 syndrome or in Florida the Cape Kennedy syndrome. It is found in young families who have moved withal much, and its components are a husband too centered in his career, a depressed wife and troubled children. Sometimes depression results when a person reaches a plateau in his life after many years of painstaking labor. A hard-driving business executive may finally achieve the top position in his company, only to realize that he no longer has a goal in life. Housewives in their forties and fifties often suffer from what psychiatrists call empty nest syndrome. By this time their children usually have grown up, their husbands are at work for most of each day and they must face lonely hour s in houses devoid of people. What about the feelings of inferiority that often accompany depression? Here too the responsibility may rest with human society. How so? Because it is often at a sociable age that children are made to feel unattractive. Their peers may ridicule them if they are unable to do what the majority consider the in thing. If a youngster tends to be clumsy and uncoordinated, schoolmates and playmates can influence the child to believe that he cant do anything right. Children of this type often combine the generalization I am weak, with the value judgment Its disgusting to be weak. Such youths are likely candidates for depression.MethodParticipants Approximately 40 students (20 western, 20 international) students from a Midwest generous arts college will participate in this study. All of them would be selected using randomized sampling. Participants will be offered candy for the completion of the survey.Materials The survey questionnaire will lie of questions related to assessment of knowledge and attitudes towards depression and a demographic data form. The survey forms will contain closed ended questions only. It will consist of 3 parts. The first section will consist of demographic questions to gather information about the participants How long have they lived here. Have they adopted the western culture of dungeon or not. The second part will consist of closed questions. The participants will have to choose from the given options in the questionnaires. There will be questions that require whether they consider depression to be a serious disease.Whether they believe it is a disease of the mind, body, or mind and body. Questions related to stigma would also be include for example do they believe mentally ill people are more aggressive than others? Do they believe mental illnesses are not as severe as physical ones? Do they believe depressed people can be cured with drugs only, or do they require social and community help? Moreover, to support the validation of the results of the survey, the review of literature to be utilized within the research shall show a specific scale of measure that is used by psychologists to identify the behavior of humans with regards to depression from different cultures all over the world.Procedure It is imperative to find out exactly how different cultures perceive depression as a disease. The researcher plans on conducting this research. This research will deal with the perception of depression as a disease amongst western and non western cultures. The research will also look into the level of awareness in different cultures about the prevalence of disease in their societies. This research will try to substantiate if the perception of depression varies with different cultures. To complete the said aim, the research will be conducted on campus. Participants will be debriefed on the study being researched. The researcher would then(prenominal) have the participants sign a consent for m before they participate in the study. After which, a survey kit would then be handed out to them and they would be given three days to return them back.Data analysisA one way analysis of variance would be conducted to analyze the data. Since we have two independent sample populations and more than two variables. This will allow for the comparison of attitudes about depression for members of Western and non-Western cultures. Using the ANOVA we can calculate whether the stated answers have associations with either the western or non western societies. ReferencesDepression Information and Fact Statistics (2008), Depression statistics and information, retrieved on February 13, 2008, from http//www.add-adhd-help-center.com/Depression/statistics.htmHaasen C, Levit O, Gelbert A, Foroutan N, Norovjav A, Sinaa M, et.al, (2007), kindredbetween mental distress and acculturation among migrants, psychrische praxis, retrieved on February 13, 2008, from the NCBI database on http//www.ncbi.nlm .nih.gov/sites/entrezKarasz, A. (2005), Cultural differences in conceptual models of depression, Social Science medicine, 60, 1625-35, retrieved on February 13, 2008, fromhttp//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15652693?dopt=Abstractholding=f1000,f1000m,isrctnKessler, R., McGonagle K,, Zhao S, et al. (1994) Lifetime and 12-month prevalence ofDSM-III-R psychiatrical disorders in the United States results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry518-19.Murray, C., Lopez, A.D. (1997). Alternative projections of mortality and disability bycause 1990-2020 Global Burden of Disease Study. lancet 349Neem F, Ayub M., Izhar N, Javed Z, et al (2005). Stigma and knowledge of depression,Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 21(2) 155-158.Pasacreta. J, (2008), Depression Is society taking the wrong approach? , retrieved onFebruary 13, 2008, from http//www.helium.com/tm/646939/novel-approach-managing-depressionScott, J. (2003), Global burden of depression the intersection of culture a nd medicine, TheBritish Journal of Psychiatry, 183 92-94, retrieved on February 13, 2008, from http//bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/183/2/92U.S. Department of Health Human Services, Office of the surgeon General. Mental Health Culture, Race, Ethnicity Supplement, A Report of the Surgeon General 1999.from http//mentalhealth.samhsa.gov/cre/default.asp.

Chapter 54 Essay Example for Free

Chapter 54 EssayChapter 54 Community Ecology imagination 54.1 Community interactions are classified by whether they help, harm, or have no effect on the species involved.1.What is a fraternity? List six organisms that would be found in your schoolyard community.2.This section will look at interspecific interactions. Be clear on the meaning of the prefix To begin, distinguish between intraspecific competition and interspecific competition. Give an example of apiece.Type of competitorExplanationExampleIntraspecificcompetitionInterspecificcompetition3.What is G. F. Gauses competitive exclusion principle? Give one example. 4.Define ecological niche.5.Several species of Anolis lizards personify in the same types of trees and have a similar diet. Discussresource partitioning to explain how interspecific competition is reduced. (Study Figure 54.2.)6.What is the difference between the cardinal niche and the realized niche?7.Study Figure 54.5, and then explain what is meant by charact er displacement. (To do this, you will have to learn or examine the difference between sympatric populations and allopatric populations. You will find this information in Chapter 24.)8.Predation is a term that you probably already know. Can you give examples of slightly predator-prey combinations as listed below?PredatorPreyAnimalAnimalAnimalPlantFungusAnimalBacteriaAnimalFungusExamplePlant9.List three peculiar(a) adaptations that predator species possess for obtaining regimen.10.List three ways prey species elude predators.11.Compare the two types of mimicry.Type of MimicryBatesianMllerianDescriptionExample12.What is herbivory?13.Did you list any particular(prenominal) herbivore adaptations for ravage in your response to question 9? Or plant adaptations to avoid herbivory? List two adaptations for each category here.14.Describe and give an example of each of the following interactionsType ofInteractionDescriptionExamplesymbiosisparasitismcommensalismmutualism15.Which category above includes the other three? Note that other texts may restrict this term more narrowly.16.Your text uses +/ symbols to indicate how interspecific interactions affect survival and reproduction of the two species. Use this notation for each of these interactions.Type of Interactionpredationcommensalismmutualismparasitisminterspecific competitionherbivory+/+, +/, /, +/017.What is species diversity? What are its two components? Why is it important?18.What does an ecologist summarize in a food web?19.Know the levels of trophic structure in food chains. Give a food chain here, including four links that might be found in a prairie community, and split up the level for each organism.20.Name every organism in the pictured food chain, and give the trophic level in the box.21.According to the energetic hypothesis, why are food chains limited in length? How much energy is typically transferred to each higher level?22.What is a dominant species? For the area where you live, what would be c onsidered a dominant tree species?24.Name one keystone species, and explain the effect its removal has on the ecosystem.25.Explain facilitator or foundation species and give an example.You may omit bottom-up and top-down controls.Concept 54.3- Disturbance influences species diversity and composition 26.What is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis? Give an example of a disturbance event, and explain the effect it has on the community.27.Ecological date is the changes in species that occupy an area after a disturbance. What is the difference between primary succession and secondary succession?Concept 54.4 Biogeographic factors affect community biodiversity 28.Explain latitudinal gradients in terms of species richness. Where is species richness greatest?29.There are probably two key factors in latitudinal gradients. List and explain both here, and put a star next to the one that is probably the primary cause of the latitudinal difference in biodiversity.30.Explain what is demonstra ted by a species-area curve.31.Renowned American ecologists Robert MacArthur and E. O. Wilson developed a model of island biogeography. While the model can be demonstrated with islands, any isolated habitat represents an island. What are the two factors that determine the come in of species on the island?32.What two physical features of the island affect immigration and extermination rates?33.Why do small islands have lower immigration rates? Higher extinction rates?34.Closer islands have35.What is the island equilibrium model?36.Use this model to describe how an islands size and distance from the mainland affect the islands species richness.extinction rates andimmigration rates.Concept 54.4 Community ecology is useful for understanding pathogen life cycles and controlling human disease37.Lets pull a couple of ideas from this section What is a pathogen?38.What is a zoonotic pathogen? List three examples.39.What is a vector? List three examples.

The History Of Pericles History Essay

The History Of Pericles History EssayAfter winning Persian War of the Greece city- acress, capital of Greece became the drawing card of Greece because of its critical role in the state of war and its outstanding navy. In 477 B.C., the Greece city-states created the alliance which was called the Delian League. capital of Greece controlled the alliance from the start it, therefore, collected the tribute, commanded the leagues fleets and dictated indemnity. From Delos to the Acropolis in capital of Greece, in 454 B.C., Athens moved the league treasury.Athens established an empire through the attain from controlling the Delian. Athenians enjoyed the great governmental freedom ever, and Greek culture bloomed. The Athenians draw in like manner undertook the beautify-Athens program because Athens was destroyed by Persians in 480 B.C. Athenians strengthened the defensive walls that connected Athens to the busy port of Piraeus. The building program employed thousands of workers. Athens became the center of Greek culture when mevery talent artists, philosophers, and poets converged on there. The period following the Persians war has been known as the Golden period of Athens.Who was the leader of Athens during the Golden Age of Athens? He was the great leader who we cast known as Pericles. He ruled Athens from 461 B.C. to 429 B.C. In this paper, we will intimate you cl previous(predicate) about Pericles family background, military career, foreign form _or_ system of government and his ideas on democracy.Family background and early lifePericles, the son of Xanthippus and Agariste, was born in Athens in the state of Attica in 494 B.C. into a very distinguished Athenian family. His father, Xanthippusa military leader in the Persian Wars in 479 B.C.attaining hero status as a result, exulting at the battle at Mycale, was the son of one Ariphron and the father of another. Ariphron II was a candidate for ostracism. Xanthippus himself was ostracized in spring 484. Per icles mother, Agariste, was a member of the Alcmaeonid family, famous for its great involvement in Athens political history, which was accused of treachery at the Battle of Marathon.The Pericles family is an old lineage that has migrated all across the world over while, and as the image Pericles has migrated, it has changed making its history a challenge to piece together. This Pericles history and genealogy page contains the accumulated history of the Pericles family name made up of user-contributed message from users like you. Pericles family history has a complex evolution of which Pericles family members have accumulated the particulars over the years.During his middle life, m either Sophist philosophers came into Athens, and he seemed to have gained full bene take on of the society of Zeno and mainly Anaxagoras, from whom he was said to have learned impassivity in the face of trouble and insult and incredulity about unproven worshipful phenomena. In 472 B.C. Pericles studi ed music under Damon and mathematics under Zeno of Elea, which was the best education available.Military careerPericles was a general of Athens during the citys Golden Age known specifically as the time between the Persain and Peloponnesian war. Pericles achieved his military career in many wars, such as battle in Sicyon and Acarnania (454 BC), mho Sacred War (448 BC), expulsion of barbarians from Gallipoli (447 BC), Samain War (440 BC), siege of Byzantium (438 BC), and Peloponnesian War (431-429 BC).Meanwhile, many ancient historians had blamed on Pericles and allies were the causes of Peloponnesian war. Peloponnesian war was a war between Athens and Sparta, the leading city-states of ancient Greece, along with their allies, which included nearly every other Greek city-state. Its principal cause was a fear of Athenian imperialism. The Athenian alliance reliance relied on its hefty navy, the Spartan alliance on its strong army. The war fell into deuce periods, which were disjunct by a six-year truce. In the meantime, Pericles was a commander of Athenians to fight the war breaking out in 431. In the first 10 years, Archidamus led the Spartans to defeat. Plagur concern Athens in 429 and killed Pericles and much of the army.Pericles technically centered his military insurance on Themistocless principle that the majority of Athenians depended on its superior naval power and vatical that the Peloponnesians were near invincible on land. He also began a self-protective,the so-called grand strategy whose goal was the collapse of the enemy and the preservation of the status quo. The two basic principles of the Periclean Grand Strategy were the rejection of appeasement (in agreement with which he advised the Athernians not to withdraw the Megarian Decree) and the prevention of overextension.Foreign policyNotably, after he gained political salience in the 450 B.C. at Athens, Pericles had the idea of expanding and strengthening his empire with not only the neighborin g but also the other city-states, which were far from Athens. He, therefore, devoted his vigilance on the foreign policy as his vital political mechanism, which allowed him to partner with many states even his enemy. At the level of a single city-state, his foreign policy consisted of two main goals. They are, first, continuing military action against the Persian presence in Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean, and second, greater attention to Athenian relations and disputes with other Greek states. To put the matter in another fashion, this foreign policy brought hot and poorly effect as a result, the second de facto policy reflected the growing hostility between Athens and Sparta. Throughout the foreign policy, Athens also made the alliances with the Argos and Thessayly, which were Spartas enemies. He also, finally, reached the truce with the Sparta after battling with either side won the war. Thus, Pericles foreign policy did help to unite not even other states but even the e nemy to be friend.DemocracyThe Persians of Aeschylus was introduced by Pericles at the greater Dionysia as hierurgy, showing that he was rich in Athens in 472 B.C. Pericles choice of the play, which demonstrated a nostalgic picture of Themistocles well-known victory at Salamis, had been argued by Cimon Hornblower. Pericles supported Themistocles to fight against his adversary, Cimon. Plutarch said, democratically, almost forty years, Pericles was the first notable leader among the people in Athens. It meant Pericles had taken a coif of leadership by the early 460s B.C. During the years, Pericles tried to conserve his private life and to show himself as a model for his people. For instance, he would often stop holding or joining ships company and tried to be thrifty. At Areopagus, it consisted of the Athenian aristocracy, which had once had the most powerful leader in the state the leadership of the Democratic Party decided it was time to take goal in around 462- 461B.C. Ephialeswh o was the chief of the party and mentor of Periclessuggested the reduction of the Areopagus power. As a result, the Athenian Assembly, Ecclesia, adopted Ephialtes suggestion with no strong opposition. Without further delay, a new era of radical democracy was started immediately by this reform. In order to coax the usual, Pericles seemed to follow a populist policy and the Democratic Party steadily became dominant in Athenian Politics.Apparently, Pericles accomplished the political removal of troublesome adversary by the reason that Cimon crossed up his city by being friendly with Sparta. Pericles kept advocating and promoting a populist social policy after Cimons collapse. With the state covering the cost of their entrance fees, he firstly suggested a law that allowed the indigence to enjoy theatrical plays without paying. With other laws, he decreased the property needs for people in elevated position in 458- 457 B.C and gave liberal wages on all citizens who served as jurymen in the Heliaia, the supreme court of Athens, just after 454 B.C. But, a law of 451 B.C limited Athenian citizenship to those of Athenian ancestry on both sides was his most disputed action. Such actions made Pericles critics regarded him to be responsible for the progressive deterioration of the Athenian democracy. Some historians have argued that Pericles looked for the enlargement and stabilization of all democratic institutions. Hence, he legislated law granting the indigence to access to the political system and the public offices from which they had formally been barred because of limited marrow or low-born. On the other hand, Cimon was sure that democracy had reached its peak, and stalemate of populism had been led by Pericles reforms, so he surly believed that no further free quadruplet for democratic evolution existed. Like Cimon, the other historical experts believed that because of Pericles reform, Athens sank into the abyss of political turmoil and demagogy after his dead .Pericles is called a populist, a demagogue and a hawk by some contemporary scholars, while others adore his charming leadership. Plutarch said that Pericles was not a man whom he knew before he was obedient to the people and ready to give in to the desires of the multitude as a steersman to the breezes. It is told that when Spartas king, Archidamus, asked his political adversary Thucydides, who was the better fighter between two of them, Thucydides answered without any dither that Pericles was better because even when he was beaten, he tried to persuade the spectators that he had won.Thucydides, an admirer of Pericles, said that Athens was nominal democracy but, in fact, governed by its first citizen. The historians have explained what he perceived as Pericles charisma to lead, convince and, sometimes, to manipulate through this comment. Even though, Thucydides pointed out the fining of Pericles, he did not refer to the upbraiding against Pericles but focused on Pericles honesty. In one of his dialogues, on the other hand, Plato denied the praise of Pericles and said that Pericles made the Athenians lazy, talkative and greedy, by beginning the system of public fees. Plutarch pointed out other criticisms of Pericles leadership that many others say that he first led on the peoples into allotments of public lands, festival-grants, and distributions of fees for public services due to these reasons, they fell into bad habits and became sumptuous under the effect of his public action instead of thrifty and self-contained.Thucydides argued that the people did not carry away Pericles, but he guided the people. His decision has been questioned some 20th-century critics, such as Malcolm F. McGregor proposed that he might have been a charming public face acting to be supported on the suggestions of advisors, or the people themselves. According to the King, by increasing the power of the people, the Athenians left themselves with no authoritative leader. During the Pe loponnesian War, Pericles depended on his popular to govern was obvious.In the literary whole kit and boodle of his Golden Age, we can find Pericles most visible legacy, most of which survive to this day. First, The Acropolis, though it is in ruins, still stands and is a symbol of modem Athens. In politics, Athenian imperialism is the incomparable legacy of Pericles. It denies the true democracy and freedom to the people at all but the ruling state. Finally, the freedom of expression is regarded as the lasting legacy derivation from this period.ConclusionPericles, the greatest statesman of ancient Greece, was born 494 B.C in the wealthy family. His father was that Xanthippus who won the victory over the Persians at Mycale, 479 B.C. and his mother, Agariste, the niece of the great Athenian reformer, Cleisthenes. He received an extravagant education his teacher whom he most reverenced was the quiet and gentle philosopher, Anaxagoras. Pericles was noticeable all through his career fo r the singular dignity of his manners, the regal grandeur of his articulacy, his majestic intelligence in Platos phrase, his wisdom, integrity, and deep Athenian patriotism. The abilities of Pericles were supreme that he quickly rose to the highest power in the state as the leader of the dominant democracy.His successful expeditions to the Thracian Chersonese, and to Sinope on the Black Sea, together with his colonies planted at Naxos, Andros, Oreus in Euboea, Brea in Macedonia, and AEgina, as well as Thurii in Italy, and Amphipolis on the Strymon, did much to spread and confirm the naval power of Athens, and afford a means of subsistence for his poorer citizens. But his greatest project was to create, in concert with the other Greco-Roman states, a grand Hellenic confederation in order to put an end to the mutually destructive wars of kindred peoples, and to make Greece one enormous nation, fit to front the outlying world.After Cimon was dead and Thucydides was disliked, and came into the end of his life, Pericles reigned the undisputed master of the public policy of Athens. During the rest of his career there was, says the historian Thucydides, in name a democracy, but in reality a government in the hands of the first man.Soon after the Samian war broke out, in which Pericles gained high renown as a naval commander. The Samians, after a stubborn struggle, were beaten, and a peace was established. Since the time of the Persian invasion, he had been the leader of the confederacy organise to fight the attacks of the powerful enemy, and the guardian of the confederate treasury kept in the isle of Delos. Pericles caused the treasury to be removed to Athens, and commuting the commissions of the allies for money, enormously change magnitude the contributions to the patriotic fund, Athens herself undertaking to protect the confederacy. He decorated and enriched Athens with the spoils of the allied states.Pericles did many things to make his native city the most magnificent in the ancient world. Under his patronage, Greek architecture and sculpture reached perfection. He remained Athens the Parthenon, the Erechtheum, left unfinished at his death, the Propylaea, the Odeum, and numerous other public and holy edifices he also liberally stimulated music and the drama and during his life, industry and commerce was in so well-off a condition that prosperity was universal in Attica.In 431, the long foreseen and inevitable Peloponnesian war broke out between Athens and Sparta. The plague damaged the city in 430, and in the tumble of the following year, Pericles died after a prolonged fever.As a greatest statesman, Pericles was a lofty-minded statesman, motivated by noble objectives, and his heart was full of a full love for the city and his citizens. When he lay dying and speciously insensible, his friends around his bed were passing in review the great accomplishments of his life, and the nine cups which he had founded at different times for so many triumphs. The dying patriot silently interrupted with the typical sentence What you praise in my life belongs partly to good fortune, and is, at best, common to me with many generals. But that of which I am proudest, you have left unnoticedno Athenian has ever put on mourning through any act of mine.

Emergence Of The Digital Firm

Emergence Of The Digital FirmIntroductionThe first find oneself of any applied science used in a calling is that automation employ to an efficient operation will magnify the efficiency. The second is that automation applied to an inefficient operation will magnify the inefficiency.-Bill Gates (http//www.saidwhat.co.uk/topicquote/ applied science)Over the past two decades Technology has come to become an inseparable part of crease activities. The groundbreaking era of dynamic and discontinuous intensify requires continual reassessment of arrangemental routines to ensure that purpose-making processes, keep pace with the dynamically changing line of descent environment. The adoption of mod technology, to maintain a digitally enhanced potent, is necessary, especially for small and medium coatd companies, to ensure their viability in the future. With the onset of globalization, the wide presence of digitally equipt familys has intensified international competition, and digi tal capabilities also provide small and medium sized enterprises with impertinently potential for participation in the international market. Inevitably, a morphological convert is brought about by all the technological equipment in the companies as the call for for new skills be created, which are accompanied by the constant need for training and training sharing, and assessment of technological issues by the counsel.Emergence of the Digital FirmThe first use of data systems in enterprises was in the form of posting watch on machines which were used in the accounting departments and focused on historical discipline reporting. The early 1960s, marked the onset of mainframe computers, which when compared to to geezerhood desk top computers and PDAs, were miniscule, in processing power. In the coming decades, the advancements in technology gained speed with management reporting, exertion processing, decision clog and forecasting enabled by instruction technology. The pr esence of Information technology is now widely significant in every blood line activity of the modern enterprise. Most recently, information systems transcended departmental, divisional and organizational boundaries in order to unify the firm electronically, often instantaneously, to its customers, suppliers, and distribution partners .(Ives, 2002)With the development of technology and mesh, modern enterprises gather in embraced Information and communication technology (ICT) and several e- ancestry applications that defend provided many an(prenominal) benefits across many intra- and inter-firm business processes and transactions. With the use of ICT applications, information and knowledge management inside the firm has considerably improved reducing transaction costs and increasing the speed and reliableness of transactions for both B2B (business-to-business) and B2C (business-to-consumer) transactions. They have also proved to be effective tools for improving out-of-door co mmunications and quality of services for established and new customers. (http//www.oecd.org/dataoecd/6/9/31919255.pdf)Most small and medium sized enterprises use information and communication technologies. Research has shown that the use mainly of computers serves administrative and functional uses, much(prenominal) as the make of accounts, payroll, the drawing up of a budget, inventory, and other similar functions (Bridge and Peel 1999). The basic condition that arises for the use of computers, but also for all technologies, old or new, electronic or not, is not only their acquisition by the SMEs, but also their correct and functional use (El Louadi, 1998).There are a large enumerate of different ICTs, which makes identifying them and their functions difficult. Below is a classification of Information and communication technologies which includes the ICTs used by enterprises and comprises of five main categories, within which the technologies-systems comprising the category are distributed individually.Classification of ICTS(Source Papastathopoulos, Beneki (2009))Intranet Intranets are inexpensive, scalable to expand or contract as needs change, and accessible from most computing platforms. Whereas most large companies must support a payoff of computer platforms that cannot communicate with each other, intranets help to provide instant connectivity, wholeing all computers into a single, seamless, network system.Electronic Commerce Although most commercial transactions still takes place through conventional grooves, rising number of consumers and businesses are using the Internet for electronic commerceBuyerRetailerInformationOrders proceeds and supportManufacturers, Suppliers and DistributorsPurchasesBidsBanks-Credit checks-Payment authorization-Electronic payment transferIllustration Electronic Commerce Information FlowsBusiness environmentThe modern business environment is characterized by a dynamic continuous change. For the firms to thrive and benefi t from ICTs, a healthy business environment is necessary. This includes a transparent, open and competitive business framework, clear independent ruler of jurisprudence for all firms, easy set up and dissolution of businesses, transparent, simple and accessible corporate regulation, and equal and stable ratified treatment for national and cross-border transactions. (http//www.oecd.org/dataoecd/6/9/31919255.pdf) organizational FormsThe concept of organizational forms was quickly accepted and vouched for by management scholars who have already accepted concepts such as the knowledge thrift or the new information economy ( Halal 1998) and who had believed that the emergence of the Internet would change the way business transactions business functions are performed (Tapscott , 1999). slipperiness to new formsAccording to Drucker (1997), businesses of the new age have not only led to advancements in technology and provided an atmosphere of stiff competition, but have also contributed to the promotion of change in the organizational forms. This is why, New Organizational Forms that respond to the need to align strategy-structure- direction processes are influenced by the dynamic changes in the environment. New transaction management modes from new organizational forms.The following illustration gives a clear picture of the increase in the use of new organizational forms, where meshwork and e-commerce make fors a significant role. (Illustration sourced from http//www.labs-associados.org/docs/OCDE_TIC.PDF)Increase in the use of new organizational formsWith every passing year, more and more firms are adopting new organizational forms in an get down to stay competitive in the market. The benefits of incorporating ICTs and other e-business activities are now widely know. In the research conducted by Christina Beneki on Organizational forms based on information and communication technology adoption (http//www.aabri.com/manuscripts/09362.pdf), an empirical call f or was carried out among 54 Greek SMEs to identify the emerging forms of organizations based on ICTs.Personal interviews were conducted with people recognized as being the most knowledgeable about the developments of ICTs within the firm. Hence, the interviewees ranged from director or owner-manager and IT personnel to general managers. The results of this study reveal that the SMEs journey towards ICT adoption-use can be classified into three aimsLevel 1 Basic Use of ICT or ICT-beginners SMEs. On this level the ICTs used by SMEs support the monitoring of basic-elementary activities, transactions and communications of the enterpriseLevel 2 Advanced Use of ICT or ICT-based SMEs. On the second level the ICTs used by the SMEs serve specialized activities of the modern enterprise, such as programming operations, transaction monitoring, and decision making and auditing. Furthermore, they combine data and advanced analytical models or data analysis tools so as to support the making of se mi structured decisions or unstructured decisions. Finally, they allow business and commercial digital transactions as well as the transmission of information with electronic means even to geographically remote places.Level 3 Superior use of ICT or ICT-Driven SMEs. The ICTs used by the SMEs on the third level contribute to the integration of the informational and business processes of the enterprise, and they support the long-term planning activities as well as the digital exchange of information, the carrying out of commercial transactions and collaborations with the external environment of the enterpriseFigure The Three Levels of ICT-Adoption ProcessThe figure shows that a very small persona of SMEs use basic ICTs (7%), about 22% percentage use ICTs serving specialized business activities, while for most of the SMEs (70%), technology does not constitute the basis but rather as a devolve to their business activities. This clearly demonstrates the steep rise in the use of Internet communication technologies.Opportunities for the management in a digitally enabled firmNew organizational forms comprising of Information and communication technology (ICT) and e-business applications provide many benefits across a wide range of business processes and transactions. (http//www.oecd.org/dataoecd/6/9/31919255.pdf)With the use of computer terminals, e-mail, internet and its applications, several types of businesses can improve information and knowledge management within the firm, leading to more efficient business processes and better firm performance.Transfer of information through shared electronic files and networked computers significantly improves the efficiency of business process like documentation, data processing and other functions like organizing incoming orders and preparing invoices.Business-to-Business and Business-to-Consumer transactions are now conducted with increased speed and reliability, using ICT applications.Sophisticated ICT applications like De cision Support System (DSS) helps firms to analyse large amounts of data in quick time, enable swift decision making. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) helps to integrate various departments of a firm effectively.Internet and e-commerce have forcefulally reduced the cost of business transactions.Internet-based B2B interaction and real-time communication help to reduce information asymmetries amongst buyers and suppliers and build close relationships among trading partners. (Moodley, 2002)ICT applications also increase labour productivity and have a positive impact on firm performance. The following illustration helps to identify the positive effect of ICT applications in Canada.Sourced from (http//www.labs-associados.org/docs/OCDE_TIC.PDF)Challenges faced by the management and organization in a digital firmRequirement of internal ICT and managerial knowledgeSince SMEs focus on day to day operations, they are less assured of the benefits of new technologies and would tend to lac k the human technological resources needed for a digital firm, when they decide to investment in advanced technologies. Even when they are alive(predicate) of the potential benefits of adopting e-commerce, they would need qualified personnel to carry out the operations. The firms that adopt Internet and e-commerce are likely to have personnel within the firm who have a reasonable knowledge of the incorporated technology. A study of small ICT companies with 3-80 employees suggests that the Internet was adopted by firms with personnel who understand the technology used (Mehrtens, 2001). The study found that these were not necessarily ICT professionals, but simply people interested in technology. If firms have the resources to access or outsource skills, then scarcity of technologically skilled personnel would not be a hindrance. However, presence of internal technological capabilities is still vital because adoption of internet communication technologies cannot succeed without an ap prehensiveness of the e-business model. Without internal technological capabilities, dependence on outside support services for system maintenance can be dangerous because firms that conduct e-business activities have to bear the risk of occasional system liveures and computer viruses. If ICT support services, especially in an emergency, are needed to minimise the loss from a system malfunction, the e-business system of the firm may be vulnerable if they are not immediately available. The existence of local ICT services is thus an important consideration for the management, especially for small offices in remote areas or emerging economies, where ICT services are scarce and expensive.Skills and understanding of e-business models is also vital for the managers. Successful integration of e-business requires many firms to restructure their business processes, to change organisational structures and to redefine their core competence and positions in the value mountain ranges. So, e-bu siness tools cannot be successfully introduced and implemented without the visionary power and strategic decisions about how to apply ICT technologies for business processes. (http//www.aabri.com/manuscripts/09362.pdf) price of developing and maintaining e-business systems For small and medium sized firms, sometimes, the cost of adopting e-business systems and their maintenance outweighs the benefits received from them. Budget constraints and uncertainty of return on investment may sway the managements decision to adopt e-business systems. Thus, gathering the capital for investing in sophisticated and expensive internet communication technologies is an issue that the management needs to counter. The management needs to decide, depending upon its size and capacity to bear the cost, how far they can extend their arms over the latest technologically advanced business systems. Some small businesses, especially micro-enterprises with 1-9 employees or the self-employed, may adopt a simple Web site without any e-commerce function if the cost of basic Internet use is well within their marketing budget. (http//www.aabri.com/manuscripts/09362.pdf)Viability of Business ModelsThe advancements in internet have changed the business models in a number of key industries including media, financial services, travel and automobile retailing. But although internet technology provides great prospects, not all Internet business models have been successful. Conducting business over the internet is not evermore cost effective and efficient. For some companies, resorting to conventional methods is more viable. Of course, retailers on the internet may not need to pay for attractive outlets and employees, but they would need to use a large proportion of their budget for web site maintenance, customer service call centres, supply chain management and customer acquisition. There are also challenges to be faced for firms that decide to use the web for supplementing or enhancing traditi onal business models. Businesses that are unclear about their e-business strategy may end up wasting a weed of money in building and maintaining websites that fail to deliver results. Successful websites may also incur high costs. For instance, Equipment Inc., popular seller of indoor gear, has large payroll expenditures to pay for skilled technical staff supporting the website and additional shipping expenses to ensure web orders are delivered on time.Thus, the management needs to consider the viability of e-business models for its firm before deciding to invest.Business Process Change RequirementsEven if a firm does have a viable business model, it can still fail due to bad management or poor execution of the business model. Many dot-com firms like Garden.com, Productopia.com, Pets.com, Chinese Books Cyberstore and so forth have closed down. The carrying into action and working of an electronic business model requires successful management of a firms divisions, production sites, sales offices and also maintaining close relationships with customers, suppliers and business partners. All important business processes need to be restructured and closely integrated. Firms will need to have well designed policies and procedures for sharing data. There are also traditional boundaries existing between a firms divisions and departments, customers and suppliers which can be barriers to collaboration and relationship building. Thus, the management needs to ensure a complete transformation of the firm and the ways in which it conducts business. argumentation Conflicts A channel conflict is a competition between two or more different distribution chains used to sell products or services of the same political party. ( Laudon Laudon, 2006)When a company uses the web for selling its products, it creates a channel conflict with the firms traditional methods of selling. This is especially true for products that are less information sensitive and require a physical intermed iary. In such a case, a companys revenues may drop as customer make purchases directly from the web. argument conflict is a study issue for business-to-business business models, where the consumer purchases directly from the manufacturer through the Web. Milacron Inc., a machine tools company with extensive websites, minimizes the veto impact of channel conflict by paying full commissions to reps making online sales in their territories, even if they do not work on the sale or find the buyer. Other companies have devised solutions, such as offering only a portion of their product line on the web.Legal UncertainitiesConflicting regulatory environments and legal uncertainties for cross-border transactions, especially B2C, may affect small and medium scale firms. There is no harmonised legal framework with rules pertaining to the determination of jurisdiction and applicable law nor are there mechanisms that ensure the cross-border enforcement of legal rulings. The internet is globa l and is used by numerous organizations in different countries. Suppose a product were offered on sale in China, but the purchaser lived in the United States, whose law would apply? (Laudon Laudon, 2006)Small businesses can risk being due to inconsistent laws.Trust, Security and privacyFor e-commerce to flourish there needs to be an atmosphere of trust among buyers, sellers and other partners multiform in the transactions. Consumers will be wary of the security and confidentiality of credit peak details and other personal information supplied over the internet. Internet based systems are at a risk of being penetrated by outsiders, as the internet is open to everyone. Any information, including e-mail passes through many different systems before it reaches its destination. It can be monitored and hacked into at any of these points resulting in loss of confidential data. blue-chip data such as sales contracts, marketing plans, product development and pricing strategies, etc. can be intercepted causing significant risk to the company. Thus, the management needs to be extremely cautious and maintain stringent security systems to safeguard their business models. (Laudon Laudon)Opportunities and Challenges for Employees in a digital firmThe rapid shift in trends in the market is seeing more and more companies undertaking a full scale adoption of technology that has in turn created an coordinate of opportunities for the employees. Some of them areBetter job prospects.The emergence of digital firms has opened up attractive avenues for IT employees all over the world. With advancements in every area springing up, those equip with specific technological expertise are also gaining demand with attractive bonuses rewarded.According to the research methodology used by Ricardo Parez Garrido on New Organizational Forms for knowledge transfer (http//latienda.ie.edu/working_papers_economia/WP05-03.pdf), the company alpha was founded with the idea of uniting the best pro grammers in Spain interested in the internet and e-business and create for them an environment where they could work freely. Alpha experienced a tremendous growth of 400% from 1998-1999. But the success had attracted another telecommunication giant in the country which offered better incentives for employees. As a result a majority of the Alpha taskforce moved to the competing firm.Employees empowered in decision- making.With the onset of the digital era, many firms are now approaching a change in work attitudes. The system of bureaucratic is now being replaced by independence for different roles in an organization. With more space for employees to work, an atmosphere of ownership of the company results, providing better results and incentive for staff to work.The case study on the Royal Bank of Scotland (Currie Willcocks, 1996) provides an insight into the new philosophies of work practice being adopted by the bank. Senior managers were aware that customers were intimidated by the bureaucratic image of the bank and felt a change was necessary. The traditional emphasis on geographical splits was through with(p) away with and a different structure was established with three inter-related businesses- Retail, Commercial and Corporate. This way, individual departments are given complete responsibility and independence to run their functions.Employees play a greater part in the companyThe information systems orbit is now recognized as a chief part of any firm. The days of technological expertise playing an underdog are over. It is now realized that those equipped with the technology side of the firm are better positioned to understand their part and because are now increasingly given more ownership and responsibilities.Despite the fact that modern advancements in e-business have created opportunities for employees, they have also had a negative impact on them. Some of the drawbacks areOutsourcing of technological expertise.With the wide availability of IT skill s and restructuring of organizations, most companies now prefer to outsource technical expertise which may be better suited in terms of cost and quality of technical skills. As a result the existing employees are difficult to accommodate because of the drastic changes brought about by adoption of advanced technology that renders their skills incompetent. This is especially true for companies do not primarily rely on technology for their core business functions.The case study of the Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) and their Business Process Re-engineering project (Currie Willcocks, 1996) shows how a complete restructuring of the banks activities resulted in many job losses. Also the technology unit was perceived by the business units as a support function, not therefore core to the business. Some senior managers were keen to outsource a major portion of the technical sector altogether. This also reflects a growing trend among organization seeking IT outsourcing as an alternative to in- house operating.Obsolescence of work.Because most companies are undergoing changes in their work process by incorporating advanced information systems that help to better integrate various departments within the organization, traditional forms of work are now losing a place. more(prenominal) and more employees are now faced with job losses because their work has been rendered useless with current business systems.The case study documenting the Columbus project undertaken by RBS (Currie Willcocks, 1996) gives evidence that due to the complete restructuring of the banks activities and how banking services were offered to customers, many manager were worried about a large staff redundancy.Communication problemsInevitably, communication problems between business units and technological units will tend to occur. Since technology department supplies the applications for various business functions, sometimes friction might arise over what is supplied and what is actually needed. Due to the complexities involved in business functions, the tactics and strategies used might change from time to time, causing the technological department to swiftly adapt to the changing conditions, which is not always simple.The case study documenting restructuring of RBS (Currie Willcocks, 1996) indicates the prevalence of communication problems. Business units complain that computers have been imposed on them with little relevance to the business context. However, the technology unit argued that business users change their mind regularly as to what is required from them. This miscommunication may lead to high costs, failure to meet delivery dates, loss of management control, low morale, etc.ConclusionThe emergence of new organizational forms according to the level of use of information communication technologies gives rise to new research opportunities in the sensitive sector of SMEs. In addition, the need for the emergence of new organizational forms stems also from the fact that t echnology no longer constitutes a mere link in the chain of businesses processes but rather the driving force behind this chain both in the internal and in the external business environment.

Analysis Of The Crucible English Literature Essay

Analysis Of The Crucible English Literature EssayImagine yourself placed chthonic pressure. Can you hold on to your morals and beliefs? leave you expose your true self when you can non control your stress? The term crucible can either be a metallic container used for heating substances in high temperature or a severe test or trial. Metaphorically, Judge Danforth applies both definitions in his quote. He informs that the authorities will unmask any matchless who tries to hide the truth. The Crucible, a play written by Arthur Miller, takes place in Salem, Massachusetts around 1692. Salem is divided into Salem Village and Salem Town, where deal living in the village tend to accuse those in town of witchery. This witch hysteria in Salem is a cause of turmoil to the people nether regionce they argon tried under pressure. Because of trials, their reputations are at stake. The Salem society centralizes their lives in reputations and personal interests, such as Reverend Parris, and seek ing vengeance on those they are jealous of, uniform Abigail Williams and the Putnams. Out of those who are victims of this mass hysteria, John keep an eye on and Rebecca Nurse are the most prominent ones. John keep an eye on, a farmer in his center thirties, is the protagonist of this play (Miller 175). He is portrayed as a man who dislikes hypocrisy, yet struggles in the play because he is one himself. In other words, he feels guilty for hiding the fact that he has committed adultery with Abigail. Rebecca Nurse, a minor character around her seventies, is the wife of Francis Nurse and midwife to many families in the village. two proctor and Rebecca share similar characteristics of integrity, yet, de scandalise having similar morals, both have significantly opposite personalities and different reasons for sacrificing themselves.John Proctor and Rebecca Nurse are characters of integrity, who instead be hanged than confess a crime they never committed. Under the pressure of bein g accused of witchcraft, both demonstrates integrity through their moral principles and beliefs. throughout the play, Proctor conveys integrity. For example, he confesses to Elizabeth his affair with Abigail, speaks out about his dislike for how Parris corrupts the church, and confesses his crime of adultery. More everyplace, when Danforth interrogates Proctor about the other participants in witchery, Proctor says that he speaks of his own sins and non others (Miller 239). This proves that Proctor is a good man and citizen who does not intend to hurt anyone. Proctor believes in no such amour as witchcraft and he is able to stay with his own beliefs regardless of the consequences. Likewise, Rebecca, pure, pious and truthful, tries to ameliorate the situation over Ruth by comforting Ann Putman. She says that Ruth will eventually put forward up because she has witnessed all sorts of children going through their silly seasons (Miller 179). It did not matter for Rebecca to risk her li fe by expressing her real thoughts to Goody Proctor, knowing that she envied her. Rebecca proves righteousness by taking responsibility for her own actions, rather than blaming others. We see this when she says, There is a prodigious danger in the seeking of loose spirits. I fear it. I fear it. Let us rather blame ourselves and - (Miller 180). In addition, she portrays purity and goodness when she tries to help people who are struggling, and similarly, she has no intention to hurt anyone, like Proctor. Due to Goody Putmans jealousy, she accuses Rebecca for the supernatural murder of her babies (Miller 201). Unlike Rebecca, Mrs. Putman is desperate to accuse others of witchcraft in order to relieve the guilt she has for her babies deaths. Therefore, Rebecca, scapegoat of Mrs. Putman, is sent to jail. Yet, during her tether months in jail, she has never spoken a word (Miller 231). This reveals how she refuses to compromise her honesty by not lying. In this way, not only does she show integrity, except she likewise sticks to her principles. Although they are both characters of integrity, Rebeccas integrity never wavers she is steadfast whereas Proctor is less sure of himself because he doubts whether he should give up his name and confess a lie.A key difference between Proctor and Rebecca is that while Proctor is a dynamic character, Rebecca is a static character. Proctor changes during the play and learns through events and experiences. At the beginning of the play, Proctor does not want to get involved in the witch-hunts because he is scared to expose the fact that he had an affair with Abigail and ruin his universal reputation. But when Elizabeth is arrested, he becomes fired up. He changes from a quiet man to one who stands up with fearlessness and speaks up against what he believes is the right thing. Unfortunately, when he confesses his sin to save his wife, it does not work out. At the end of Act IV, Proctor exclaims to Danforth, How can I live without my name? I have given you my thought leave me my name (Miller 240). This shows that he still cares about having his name clean and protected because he believes that a human being is granted with only one name in their lifetime. At first, he decides to take the easy way out and confess a lie. Yet, when Proctor realizes that he has to make up his beware to choose either his name or his life, he decides that he rather dies with an honorable name than to live in a tainted one (Miller 240). Proctor considers his name more significantly than his life because he did not want Danforth to use his name to get other people to confess, so he rather die than have his name blacken. Hence, he chooses to sacrifice himself honorably leaving no regrets and save Elizabeth from the chaos. Rebecca, however, stays the same throughout the entire play. Since Rebecca is a role model in the town of Salem, many people respect her for that reason. She never doubts her beliefs as well as people in Salem. In spite of this, when Proctor confesses a lie in front of her, he feels ashamed of himself since he knows deep inside him that he is doing the wrong thing. Rebecca symbolizes the Christ figure, someone who portrays courage and faith. She is always straightforward towards everyone no matter what situation she is in. For instance, when she is questioned by the authorities, she spoke no lies and only the truth.The difference between Proctor and Rebecca is that as Proctors personality, he is impulsive, bad-tempered, and uncivilised at times, yet Rebecca is rational and passive. An act of impulsiveness from Proctor is shown when Cheever comes with a warrant to arrest Elizabeth, and Proctor tears it without thinking the consequences. Beside this, in Act I, when Abigail tries to seduce Proctor, he violently tells her, do you look for wippin? (Miller 177). Then in Act II, when Elizabeth starts to ask why he has been alone with Abigail, he angrily tells her, No more I should have roared you down when first you told me your suspicionlet you look sometimes for the goodness in me, and judge me not (Miller 194). Furthermore, in Act III, when Proctor could not tolerate Abigails lies, he leaps at Abigail and, grabbing her by the hair, pulls her to her feet (Miller 219). Finally, in Act IV, he defies the authorities and admits that what he has confessed is a lie and he wants to do the right thing by dying. Although Proctor did not want to die soon and be able to see his sons grow up, he does not want to live under a lie. On the contrary to Proctors personality, Rebecca is a stereotype of all good that exists the compassion she has within her and the love for truth that keeps her strong. Since Rebecca has already lived long, she is well-experienced and flawless throughout the play. She thinks over a situation thoughtfully and guides people through a logical way of thinking. Because she has lived long and maintained her good reputation, it did not matter for her whether she is going to die. She is meet with her life for having eleven children and being a grandmother for twenty-six times (Miller 179). Rebecca tells Proctor when they are to be hanged, Let you fear nothing Another mind waits us all (Miller 240). Through this quote, it depicts the truth that never fades away inside her, thus, she spreads her strength to encourage and motivate Proctor to make the right choice as her, tell the truth, and become the role model for the Salem society.In The Crucible, John Proctor and Rebecca Nurse are essential characters because they both represent the voice of reason. Both characters demonstrate integrity and are willing to die than to confess to witchcraft. Even though Proctor does not want to get involved in the trials, he does so at last because of Elizabeth. He becomes tired of Abigails lies and decides to make his move and fight for what he thought is right. However, both are different in how Proctor changes and Rebecca does not, and likewise, both have d ifferent personalities. Proctor is spontaneous and aggressive, and he does not think through things as clear as Rebecca does. Unlike Proctor, Rebecca is passive and compassionate. Moreover, she has lived long-life and she has learned technically everything she needed in life. Yet, Proctor has not, which is why Miller intentionally makes Proctor a sinner who is going against his own vision of beseeming conducts (Miller 175). The reason behind this is because Miller wants the reader to understand how guilt can consume ones life and change one person internally. Miller shows us how people would react under certain circumstances, like how Proctor reacts when Danforth insistently wants to hang up his signed confession on the church door it is then that Proctor takes back his words. In The Crucible, the witch-hunt is an allegory of what Miller describes the communists trials. Miller justifies that there is no justice in the society, unless that person chooses to fight based on what they think is right. Everyone commits mistakes, but not all agree to correct them. The ones who chooses to correct their errors, demonstrates characters of integrity and courageousness, like both John Proctor and Rebecca Nurse.

Hidden Messages in Easy Rider :: Movies Film

What are the hidden messages in Easy RiderThere are numerous symbols of freedom and individuality in Dennis Hoppers impression Easy Rider. The movie Easy Rider revolves around two bikers, Wyatt and Billy, making a trip from Los Angeles to New Orleans, to fall Mardi Gras. The first scene in the movie involves the two protagonists selling a large amount of cocaine to a gentleman in a Rolls Royce. subsequently the drug deal two the bikers begin their journey to Mardi Gras, but not before Wyatt removes his watch and throws it on the ground. This action is shows Wyatts pursuit of freedom, because snip serves only to constrain them. Once on the road you learn that their names are Wyatt and Billy, a reference to Wyatt Earp and Billy the Kid who are considered American legends, as well as outlaws. Wyatt rides a chopper with the stars and stripes on the gas tank and on his helmet while sporting the now clich leather jacket. Billy is dolled up up like a cowboy he is wearing all tan leat her with a wide brim hat. Also throughout the movie Billy refers to Wyatt as Captain America. All of these things serve to ingrain the belief that they embody the American dream which is to earn enough money to pursue your dream. It merely so happens that their dream is freedom, the same belief that led to the creation of the United States. Billy and Wyatt of them go through a series of adventures, first stopping take out at a motel where theyre rejected, regardless of the glowing vacancy sign. This shows that their culture is not accepted in the rest of the world. They leave the motel and camp out in the wilderness. At a point, Wyatts bike take a shits a flat, and they stop at a farm to fix it. It is at this point that the film makes a comparison of the bikers to cowboys. As Wyatt is fixing his tire a man in the background is shoeing his horse. This is making the point that Wyatt is the new version of the cowboy and his chopper is the new cowboys horse. During this scene there is an exchange between Wyatt and the farmer where Wyatt tells the farmer how much he admires his farm because he built it with his own hands. This is the first time that you get an idea of Wyatts values.

Peace Negotiations Between Arafat and Clinton :: Foreign Relations Media Coverage Essays

Peace Negotiations Between Arafat and Clinton Many third world and communist countries are known for their security review in the media, ranging from television, radio, and the themes. Even with these shortcomings they clam up are able to present a side of an issue. The capitalistic world can dominate the networks of the media as well and also provide certain amounts of censorship with totally one side of a view. The way the capitalistic world is able to dominate the media is by advertisement. Commercials and advertisements drive and pay for the expenses of the news reporting style or any other media. A company will not sponsor a television network or a newspaper if their stories and ideas do not reflect that of the sponsor. For example if a company is owned and operated mostly by Jews, that company may not appreciate a newspaper or a television station to report against them or point out that many mistakes, such as accidental bombings and killings of innocent by standers not only Philistines but Israelis as well, were caused by Jews. If that newspaper or television station reports against Jews or the supporters of Israel they will not be endorsed or sponsored by that Jewish company, and if that newspaper or television station does not receive any support they cannot publish anymore papers or broadcast their newscasts. In both cases authorised sides of an issue are either addressed or not. The western coverage of the peace negotiations between Arafat and President Clinton by the news media distorts and deletes facts only to ensure that Israel, the fall in States ally, will benefit. My latest readings of the Seattle Times and one of Tehrans newspaper take awayt with Mr. Arafats visit to the United States to speak with President Clinton in the White signboard about the Mid-East peace process. Both papers presented facts and expanded as well on some of those facts. When reading the Seattle Times, the articles title read, Peace deal with Arafat , the title its self its letting us know that we have to deal with Mr. Arafat, that he must be a hard negotiator. The article discussed how Mr. Arafat did not accept or totally agree with President Clintons peace plan. The Times made it clear that President Clintons plan was detailed and accepted by both the United States and the Israelis.